{"id":2646,"date":"2025-10-06T08:44:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-06T07:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dhwnews.com\/?p=2646"},"modified":"2025-10-06T15:19:23","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T14:19:23","slug":"duty-of-candour-a-conversation-with-claude-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dhwnews.com\/?p=2646","title":{"rendered":"Duty of Candour – a conversation with Claude (Ai)"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is an extract of a conversation with Claude on the subject of candour and duty of candour.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 This is the conclusion:<\/p>\n

The legislation is the Public Office (Accountability) Bill,<\/strong><\/span> commonly known as “Hillsborough Law”.<\/p>\n

The Bill [currently in Parliament] places a new legal duty on public servants to act truthfully and fully support investigations into the state, ensuring wrongdoing is not concealed and delivering justice for victims.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In essence, candour in this context means: “Tell the whole truth, tell it promptly, tell it even when it hurts, and actively help investigations find the truth rather than passively waiting to be asked the right questions.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

My questions in this order please 1) why do we need a UK Duty of Candour, 2) where do I find the legislation, 3) Who will the legislation apply to, 4) What are the penalties for non-compliance?<\/p>\n

Please look at the wider issues including the quality of the evidence submitted to recent public inquiries – for example Grenfell Tower and Horizon – and then answer the same four questions please
\nEdit
\nThank you for broadening this out – you’re absolutely right that the Duty of Candour issues extend far beyond healthcare. Let me address your four questions with this wider lens:
\n1) Why do we need a UK Duty of Candour (beyond NHS)?
\nThe recurring pattern across multiple public inquiries reveals systemic failures in organizational honesty and transparency:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u2022 Grenfell Tower: Evidence emerged of companies potentially misleading building inspectors about fire safety testing, covering up test failures, and manipulating data about cladding products<\/p>\n

[BBC Report – Key Findings from the Grenfell Inquiry]<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u2022 Post Office Horizon: Decades of institutional denial, suppression of evidence about IT system failures, false prosecution of sub-postmasters, and destruction of documents
\n\u2022 Infected Blood Inquiry: Cover-ups spanning decades about contaminated blood products
\n\u2022 Hillsborough: Police tampering with witness statements and institutional dishonesty
\nThe need is clear: when organizations and individuals prioritize reputation, profit, or self-protection over truth, innocent people suffer catastrophically. A broader Duty of Candour would create legal obligations to disclose problems promptly, preserve evidence, and prioritize public safety over institutional interests.
\n2) Where do I find the legislation?
\nThis is where the problem becomes evident – there is no comprehensive statutory Duty of Candour outside healthcare and some financial services. The legislative landscape is fragmented:
\n\u2022 Financial services: Senior Managers and Certification Regime (SM&CR) includes candour obligations
\n\u2022 Corporate governance: Directors’ duties under Companies Act 2006 include some honesty obligations, but these are primarily to shareholders, not the public
\n\u2022 Health and Safety: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 requires cooperation with investigations, but doesn’t mandate proactive disclosure
\n\u2022 Public inquiries: Inquiries Act 2005 gives powers to compel evidence, but relies on enforcement rather than proactive candour
\nThere is no equivalent to Regulation 20 for construction, technology, transport, or most other sectors.
\n3) Who would\/should such legislation apply to?
\nIf a comprehensive Duty of Candour were enacted, it should apply to:
\nOrganizations:
\n\u2022 Major infrastructure companies and contractors
\n\u2022 Technology companies providing critical systems
\n\u2022 Building and construction companies, particularly for residential buildings
\n\u2022 Transport operators
\n\u2022 Utility companies
\n\u2022 Large corporate entities, especially those holding public contracts
\n\u2022 Professional services firms (architects, engineers, safety consultants)
\nIndividuals:
\n\u2022 Directors and senior executives with governance responsibilities
\n\u2022 Professional body members (architects, engineers, surveyors) – though some professional codes already include candour
\n\u2022 Those responsible for safety-critical decisions
\n\u2022 Those involved in regulatory compliance and testing
\n4) What are the penalties for non-compliance (and what should they be)?
\nCurrent reality: Penalties are scattered and often inadequate:
\n\u2022 Corporate manslaughter (Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007) can apply but is difficult to prove and rarely used
\n\u2022 Fraud Act 2006 may catch some dishonesty, but requires proof of dishonest intent for gain
\n\u2022 Misconduct in public office applies only to public officials<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u2022 Perverting the course of justice applies mainly after investigations begin
\n\u2022 Professional body sanctions for members, but inconsistent across sectors
\nWhat penalties could\/should exist for a statutory Duty of Candour breach:
\nFor organizations:
\n\u2022 Significant financial penalties (proportionate to turnover, not just fixed fines)
\n\u2022 Disqualification from public contracts
\n\u2022 Suspension or removal of operating licenses
\n\u2022 Mandatory independent oversight
\n\u2022 Criminal liability for corporate entities
\n\u2022 Publicity orders (required public disclosure of failures)
\nFor individuals:
\n\u2022 Director disqualification
\n\u2022 Professional de-registration
\n\u2022 Personal criminal liability (not just corporate)
\n\u2022 Substantial fines
\n\u2022 In cases of serious harm\/death: imprisonment
\nThe critical gap: Currently, unless conduct reaches the threshold of fraud, manslaughter, or perverting justice, there’s often no specific offense for institutional dishonesty or failure to proactively disclose safety concerns.
\n________________________________________
\nThe evidence from Grenfell, Horizon, and other inquiries suggests the current patchwork is insufficient. Several inquiries have recommended broader duties of candour, but legislative action has been limited. Would you like me to explore what reforms are currently being proposed or discussed?
\nRetry
\nEL
\nI think there is legislation being considered in Parliament – but it may not be called Duty of Candour. Please locate, identify and explain the purpose and detail of this proposed legislation
\nEdit
\nUK Parliament legislation candour public inquiries 2024 2025
\n10 results<\/p>\n

Government Response to the House of Lords Statutory Inquiries Committee report: Enhancing public trust (HTML) – GOV.UK
\nwww.gov.uk<\/p>\n

House of Lords – Public inquiries: Enhancing public trust – Statutory Inquiries Committee
\nparliament.uk<\/p>\n

Debate on the duty of candour for public authorities and legal representation for bereaved families – House of Commons Library
\nparliament.uk<\/p>\n

Public Inquiries \u2013 what are they and should they be reformed? | Stone King
\nstoneking.co.uk<\/p>\n

The Hillsborough Law should be a starting point for reform of public inquiries | Institute for Government
\ninstituteforgovernment.org.uk
\nWhat’s next for public inquiries? The House of Lords Statutory Inquiries Committee report and the Government\u2019s response – TLT LLP
\ntlt.com<\/p>\n

Statutory public inquiries: the Inquiries Act 2005 – House of Commons Library
\nparliament.uk<\/p>\n

The Hillsborough law: a duty of candour needs more than legislation to work | Institute for Government
\ninstituteforgovernment.org.uk<\/p>\n

Public inquiries: Enhancing public trust\u2014report by the House of Lords Statutory Inquiries Committee – House of Lords Library
\nparliament.uk<\/p>\n

Find an inquiry – Committees – UK Parliament
\nparliament.uk<\/p>\n

Excellent question! You’re right – it’s called “Hillsborough Law”. Let me search for more specific details about this proposed legislation.
\nHillsborough Law bill 2025 duty candour public servants
\n10 results<\/p>\n

Is the government on track to introduce a ‘Hillsborough Law’?
\nfullfact.org<\/p>\n

The New ‘Hillsborough Law’ Bill – Key Takeaways – Lexology
\nlexology.com<\/p>\n

Hillsborough Law Bill – GOV.UK
\nwww.gov.uk<\/p>\n

‘Hillsborough Law’ to instil duty of candour on UK public …
\npinsentmasons.com<\/p>\n

The Hillsborough law: a duty of candour needs more than legislation to work | Institute for Government
\ninstituteforgovernment.org.uk<\/p>\n

Hillsborough Law to ensure truth never concealed by state again – GOV.UK
\nwww.gov.uk<\/p>\n

New Hillsborough Law will include legal duty of candour, says Prime Minister
\nlocalgovernmentlawyer.co.uk<\/p>\n

Implementing the Hillsborough Law: Pragmatism or Betrayal? – The Constitution Society
\nconsoc.org.uk<\/p>\n

A new legal duty of candour: the series – Part 3 | Hill Dickinson
\nhilldickinson.com<\/p>\n

Hillsborough Law bill to be introduced in Parliament after years of campaigning by families | ITV News Granada
\nitv.com
\nPerfect! I’ve found it. Let me get the full details of the bill:<\/p>\n

Fetched Hillsborough Law Bill
\ngov.uk
\nExcellent! You’re absolutely right. The legislation is the Public Office (Accountability) Bill,<\/strong><\/span> commonly known as “Hillsborough Law”. Let me answer your four questions about this proposed legislation:
\n1) Purpose of the Legislation
\nThe Hillsborough Law aims to place a legal duty of candour on public officials and authorities to prevent cover-ups similar to those seen in the Hillsborough disaster, as well as the Horizon and Infected Blood scandals. Hillsborough Law to ensure truth never concealed by state again – GOV.UK
\nThe Bill places a new legal duty on public servants to act truthfully and fully support investigations into the state, ensuring wrongdoing is not concealed and delivering justice for victims.<\/strong> <\/span>Hillsborough Law Bill – GOV.UK The law is named after the 1989 Hillsborough disaster where police tampering with evidence and institutional dishonesty prevented justice for decades.
\n2) Where to Find the Legislation
\nThe legislation is the Public Office (Accountability) Bill, introduced to Parliament on 16 September 2025. The Bill had its first reading in the House of Commons on 16 September 2025, and draft provisions have now been unveiled. A new legal duty of candour: the series – Part 3 | Hill Dickinson
\nYou can find it at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/hillsborough-law-bill
\n3) Who the Legislation Applies To
\nThe Bill applies to:
\nPublic authorities and public servants, including:
\n\u2022 All public bodies, public servants and officials who must act in the public interest with transparency, candour and frankness, and assist court proceedings, official inquiries and investigations where their acts are concerned. Implementing the Hillsborough Law: Pragmatism or Betrayal? – The Constitution Society
\nIndirectly to private sector contractors:
\n\u2022 The government expects that public authorities will introduce contractual obligations requiring private sector organisations providing goods and services to public authorities to adopt the same duty of candour. ‘Hillsborough Law’ to instil duty of candour on UK public …
\nCode of Ethics requirement:
\n\u2022 Public authorities will be expected to produce a code of ethics relevant to their organisation with duties relating to candour, ensuring those working for the authority are aware of the code with consequences for non-compliance. The New ‘Hillsborough Law’ Bill – Key Takeaways – Lexology
\n4) Penalties for Non-Compliance
\nPublic servants could face jail if they are found not to have told the truth during investigations or inquiries. Hillsborough Law bill to be introduced in Parliament after years of campaigning by families | ITV News Granada
\nThe Bill replaces the current Misconduct in Public Office offence with provisions that more clearly uphold the high standards the public expect of officials, with tough sanctions including time behind bars for those who fall short. Hillsborough Law Bill – GOV.UK
\nAdditional Key Features:
\nThe Bill also includes provisions for bereaved families:
\n\u2022 The largest expansion in legal aid for a decade, providing non-means-tested legal help and representation for inquests. Hillsborough Law Bill – GOV.UK
\n\u2022 A new duty on public authorities to ensure spending on legal advice and representation at inquests is necessary and proportionate, and guidance on lawyer conduct at coroner’s court to ensure families are treated with sensitivity and respect. Hillsborough Law Bill – GOV.UK
\nThis legislation represents a significant shift – creating a proactive statutory duty of candour on public servants and bodies, with criminal sanctions for breach, extending well beyond the existing healthcare-only duty of candour.
\nRetry
\nEL
\nyou state ‘This legislation represents a significant shift – creating a proactive statutory duty of candour on public servants and bodies, with criminal sanctions for breach, extending well beyond the existing healthcare-only duty of candour.’ Please explain the meaning of the word ‘candour’ in this context.<\/strong><\/span>
\nEdit
\nExcellent question – the word “candour” is doing a lot of heavy lifting in this legislation, and its meaning is crucial to understanding what’s actually required.
\nThe Meaning of “Candour” in this Legal Context
\nCandour derives from the Latin candidus meaning “white” or “pure” – suggesting openness, purity of motive, and transparency.
\nIn the context of the Public Office (Accountability) Bill, candour means:<\/span><\/strong>
\n1) Proactive Truthfulness
\nNot just avoiding lies, but actively volunteering the truth – even when it’s uncomfortable, embarrassing, or damaging to the institution or individual. This means:
\n\u2022 Disclosing problems before being asked
\n\u2022 Not waiting for investigations to uncover issues
\n\u2022 Coming forward with information that might incriminate or criticize your own organization
\n2) Completeness and Frankness
\nThe legislation refers to “transparency, candour and frankness” – these terms reinforce each other<\/span><\/strong>:
\n\u2022 Transparency: Making information visible and accessible
\n\u2022 Candour: Being honest and sincere in what you say
\n\u2022 Frankness: Being direct and open, not evasive or euphemistic
\nThis means not giving technically true but misleading answers, not omitting crucial context, and not hiding behind careful wording.
\n3) Acting in Good Faith
\nCandour implies honesty of intent – not just the letter of disclosure but the spirit. It means:
\n\u2022 Not gaming the system with minimal compliance
\n\u2022 Not structuring information to mislead while technically being “truthful”
\n\u2022 Not delaying disclosure to gain tactical advantage
\n4) What Candour is NOT
\nIt’s important to understand what candour doesn’t mean:
\n\u2022 It’s not the same as confession (admitting personal guilt)
\n\u2022 It’s not waiving legal privilege (though it may limit its use)
\n\u2022 It’s not self-incrimination without protection (though the balance here will be tested)
\n\u2022 It’s not unlimited disclosure (there may still be legitimate confidentiality boundaries)
\nWhy “Candour” Rather Than Just “Honesty”?
\nThe choice of “candour” over simpler words like “honesty” or “truthfulness” is significant:
\n“Honesty” is often interpreted passively – not lying when asked.
\n“Candour” implies an active, positive obligation – volunteering information, being forthcoming, and ensuring others aren’t misled by omission or partial truth.
\nThe Hillsborough Context
\nThe Hillsborough disaster demonstrates why passive honesty isn’t enough:
\n\u2022 Police didn’t necessarily tell direct lies initially
\n\u2022 But they failed to volunteer information about their own failures
\n\u2022 They allowed false narratives (blaming fans) to take hold
\n\u2022 They edited witness statements to remove criticism of police
\n\u2022 They withheld evidence that would have revealed the truth
\nA duty of candour would have required them to:
\n\u2022 Immediately disclose their operational failures
\n\u2022 Volunteer evidence of communication breakdowns
\n\u2022 Admit mistakes rather than allowing others to be blamed
\n\u2022 Preserve and present all evidence, even if self-critical
\nThe Practical Challenge
\nThe difficulty with “candour” as a legal duty is that it’s somewhat subjective. Questions that will likely arise:
\n\u2022 How proactive must disclosure be?
\n\u2022 What if you don’t realize information is relevant?
\n\u2022 Where’s the line between legitimate institutional loyalty and prohibited cover-up?
\n\u2022 How does it interact with legal advice to “say nothing”?
\nThese questions will ultimately be answered by courts interpreting the legislation, creating case law around what candour actually requires in various situations.
\nIn essence, candour in this context means: “Tell the whole truth, tell it promptly, tell it even when it hurts, and actively help investigations find the truth rather than passively waiting to be asked the right questions.”<\/span><\/strong>
\nDoes this help clarify what’s being required by this new duty?<\/p>\n

Thank you – end<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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